超声波清洗技术的发展史可以追溯到20世纪初，随着科技的进步和工业的发展，超声波清洗技术逐渐成为一种重要的清洗手段，广泛应用于各个行业。随着时间的推移，超声波清洗技术得到了不断的改进和完善。超声波是频率高于20 kHz且不引起听觉的机械弹性波。超声波在介质中传播的过程中会产生压力波，扰动介质中的粒子，从而形成空腔或气泡。在连续循环超声波作用下，不断增长的空腔变得不稳定，最终坍塌，从而产生高温和高压，从宏观和微观层面影响生物材料和组织，达到促进分离或变性的目的。因此，超声波作为一种现代化技术，在食品加工中也有很大的应用价值。本文主要给大家科普一下超声波清洗的原理、优点、设备组成、超声波清洗的工艺参数选择以及一些研究案例等，为后续在家禽屠宰中的应用提供思路支持。

　　The development history of ultrasonic cleaning technology can be traced back to the early 20th century. With the advancement of technology and industrial development, ultrasonic cleaning technology has gradually become an important cleaning method and is widely used in various industries. With the passage of time, ultrasonic cleaning technology has been continuously improved and perfected. Ultrasonic waves are mechanical elastic waves with frequencies above 20 kHz that do not cause hearing. During the propagation of ultrasound in a medium, pressure waves are generated, which disturb particles in the medium and form cavities or bubbles. Under the continuous cycle of ultrasound, the growing cavity becomes unstable and eventually collapses, resulting in high temperature and high pressure, which affects biological materials and tissues at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, achieving the goal of promoting separation or denaturation. Therefore, ultrasound, as a modern technology, also has great application value in food processing. This article mainly explains the principle, advantages, equipment composition, process parameter selection of ultrasonic cleaning, and some research cases of ultrasonic cleaning, providing ideological support for its subsequent application in poultry slaughtering.

　　1、超声波清洗技术

　　1. Ultrasonic cleaning technology

　　1.1 超声波清洗原理

　　1.1 Ultrasonic cleaning principle

　　超声波清洗原理是通过超声波在液体中传播的音波压强达到一个大气压时，其功率密度为0.35w/cm2，这时超声波的音波压强峰值就可达到真空或负压，但实际上无负压存在。在液体中产生一个很大的力，将液体分子拉裂成空洞——空化核。由于受到超声波的辐射，使槽内液体中的微气泡能够在声波的作用下从而保持振动。这些微气泡在声波的作用下不断地振动、膨胀、收缩，最终被拉断成微小的气泡，从而达到清洗的目的（图 1）。

　　The principle of ultrasonic cleaning is that when the pressure of the ultrasonic wave propagating in the liquid reaches one atmosphere, the power density is 0.35w/cm2. At this point, the peak pressure of the ultrasonic wave can reach vacuum or negative pressure, but in reality, there is no negative pressure present. A large force is generated in the liquid, which pulls the liquid molecules apart into cavities - cavitation nuclei. Due to the radiation of ultrasonic waves, microbubbles in the liquid inside the tank can maintain vibration under the action of sound waves. These microbubbles continuously vibrate, expand, and contract under the action of sound waves, and are eventually pulled apart into tiny bubbles to achieve the purpose of cleaning (Figure 1).

　　图片

　　Picture

　　超声波清洗相比其他清洗具有洗净率高、残留物少、对工件表面无损、清洗时间短、清洗效果好、不受清洗件表面形状限制、整机一体化结构便于移动的特点，同时节省了溶剂、清洁纸、能源、工作场地、人工。超声波发生器具有D类工作放大（是一种基于 “开关模式” 的功率放大技术，核心特点是通过晶体管的高速开关状态实现高效能量转换，与传统线性放大器（如 A 类、B 类、AB 类）有本质区别，换能器的电声效率高，高效节能的特点，同时也是一种高效、高质量、容易实现自动化的清洗技术，配合使用非 ODS（无消耗臭氧层物质清洗剂）清洗剂具有绿色环保清洗作用。

　　Compared with other cleaning methods, ultrasonic cleaning has the characteristics of high cleaning rate, less residue, no damage to the surface of the workpiece, short cleaning time, good cleaning effect, not limited by the shape of the cleaning surface, and easy to move integrated structure of the whole machine. At the same time, it saves solvents, cleaning paper, energy, workspace, and labor. The ultrasonic generator has Class D working amplification (a power amplification technology based on "switch mode", with the core feature of achieving efficient energy conversion through the high-speed switching state of transistors), which is fundamentally different from traditional linear amplifiers (such as Class A, Class B, Class AB). The transducer has high electroacoustic efficiency and energy-saving characteristics, and is also an efficient, high-quality, and easy to automate cleaning technology. When used in conjunction with non ODS (non ozone depleting substance cleaning agents) cleaning agents, it has a green and environmentally friendly cleaning effect.

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　　Picture

　　图2  超声波在液体介质中产生的效应

　　Figure 2 Effects of Ultrasonic Waves in Liquid Media

　　如图2所示，超声波在传播过程中的振动交替的情况使得小范围内产生热量，称为热效应；振动使得液体介质中的微小气泡压缩与膨胀继而爆炸，称为空化效应；空化泡在空化效应作用下爆炸时引起液体的雾化，称为雾化效应；当超声波在液体介质中传播时，产生的震动使液体介质位移以冲击清洗物表面，称为声流效应；利用超声在液体介质中产生的空化效应、热效应、声流效应和一定程度的雾化效应，使得超声清洗有着优于其他清洗方式的特点

　　As shown in Figure 2, the alternating vibration of ultrasonic waves during propagation generates heat in a small range, known as the thermal effect; Vibration causes tiny bubbles in liquid media to compress and expand, leading to explosions, known as cavitation effect; When cavitation bubbles explode under the effect of cavitation, it causes the atomization of liquid, which is called atomization effect; When ultrasound propagates in a liquid medium, the vibration generated causes the liquid medium to shift and impact the surface of the cleaning object, which is called the acoustic flow effect; By utilizing the cavitation effect, thermal effect, acoustic flow effect, and a certain degree of atomization effect generated by ultrasound in liquid media, ultrasonic cleaning has advantages over other cleaning methods

　　1.2 超声波清洗优点

　　1.2 Advantages of Ultrasonic Cleaning

　　超声波清洗是一种先进的清洗技术，他利用超声波在液体中产生的空化作用，使清洗液产生大量的微小气泡，这些气泡在超声波的作用下迅速收缩，产生强烈的冲击波和微射流。这种清洗方式具有以下几种显著特点：

　　Ultrasonic cleaning is an advanced cleaning technology that utilizes the cavitation effect generated by ultrasound in liquid to produce a large number of tiny bubbles in the cleaning solution. These bubbles quickly contract under the action of ultrasound, producing strong shock waves and microjets. This cleaning method has the following significant characteristics:

　　高效：超声波清洗具有很高的清洗效率，可以在短时间去除大量的污垢。传统的清洗方式往往需要较长的时间才能达到同样的清洗效果，而超声波清洗则可以在较短的时间内完成清洗任务，提高生产效率。

　　Efficient: Ultrasonic cleaning has high cleaning efficiency and can remove a large amount of dirt in a short period of time. Traditional cleaning methods often require a longer time to achieve the same cleaning effect, while ultrasonic cleaning can complete the cleaning task in a shorter time, improving production efficiency.

　　彻底：由于超声波清洗产生的气泡数量众多，且气泡的直径较小，因此能够深入到被清洗物体的细微缝隙中进行清洗。这使得超声波清洗具有很好的彻底性，能够有效地去除各种类型的污垢，包括油脂等。

　　Thoroughly: Due to the large number of bubbles generated by ultrasonic cleaning and the small diameter of the bubbles, they can penetrate into the subtle gaps of the cleaned object for cleaning. This makes ultrasonic cleaning very thorough and effective in removing various types of dirt, including grease, etc.

　　无损：超声波清洗对被清洗物体的损伤较小，不会对产品表面造成划痕或者磨损。此外，由于超声波清洗过程中产生的气泡冲击力较弱，因此不会对精密零件造成损伤。这对于精密仪器和电子元器件的清洗尤为重要。

　　Non destructive: Ultrasonic cleaning causes minimal damage to the cleaned object and does not cause scratches or wear on the surface of the product. In addition, due to the weak impact force of bubbles generated during ultrasonic cleaning, it will not cause damage to precision parts. This is particularly important for cleaning precision instruments and electronic components.

　　环保：超声波清洗使用的清洗液通常是水或者含有少量溶剂的溶液，这些溶液可以循环使用，减少对化学品的消耗，降低对环境的污染。同时，超声波清洗过程中产生的废气和废液较少，有利于环境保护。

　　Environmental Protection: The cleaning solution used for ultrasonic cleaning is usually water or a solution containing a small amount of solvent, which can be recycled to reduce the consumption of chemicals and pollution to the environment. Meanwhile, the ultrasonic cleaning process generates less exhaust gas and waste liquid, which is beneficial for environmental protection.

　　自动化程度高：超声波清洗设备通常具有自动加热、自动计时、自动调节功率等功能。操作简便，易于实现自动化生产，有助于降低劳动强度，提高生产安全性。

　　High degree of automation: Ultrasonic cleaning equipment usually has functions such as automatic heating, automatic timing, and automatic power adjustment. Easy to operate and implement automated production, which helps reduce labor intensity and improve production safety.

　　应用领域广泛：超声波清洗技术应用于各种行业和领域，如电子、光学、机械、医药、化工、食品等；特别是对于一些难以清洗的零部件和元器件，超声波清洗具有很大优势。并且各种清洗方式的清洗效果如图 3所示，虽然传统的刷洗技术可以获得良好的清洁度，但它的劳动强度、耗费的时间以及其他相应的费用都是一大挑战，而超声波清洁技术则是一种可以有效减少劳动强度、提高工作效率的有效技术。

　　Widely applicable fields: Ultrasonic cleaning technology is applied in various industries and fields, such as electronics, optics, machinery, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food, etc; Especially for some difficult to clean parts and components, ultrasonic cleaning has great advantages. And the cleaning effects of various cleaning methods are shown in Figure 3. Although traditional brushing techniques can achieve good cleanliness, their labor intensity, time consumption, and other corresponding costs are all major challenges. Ultrasonic cleaning technology is an effective technology that can effectively reduce labor intensity and improve work efficiency.

　　1.3 超声波清洗设备的基本组成

　　1.3 Basic components of ultrasonic cleaning equipment

　　超声波清洗设备无论功率大小，基本上由超声波清洗槽、超声波换能器、超声波发生器三部分组成。其中超声波发生器是产生超声波信号的部分，它将电信号转换为高频机械振动信号；声波换能器是将超声波信号转换为机械振动信号并传递给清洗液的部分；超声波清洗槽是用来装载被清洗物体的容器，通常是方形槽体，底部会有微小的孔洞，以便产生气泡。

　　Ultrasonic cleaning equipment, regardless of power, is basically composed of three parts: ultrasonic cleaning tank, ultrasonic transducer, and ultrasonic generator. The ultrasonic generator is the part that generates ultrasonic signals, which converts electrical signals into high-frequency mechanical vibration signals; The acoustic transducer is the part that converts ultrasonic signals into mechanical vibration signals and transmits them to the cleaning solution; Ultrasonic cleaning tank is a container used to load the object to be cleaned, usually a square tank with small holes at the bottom to generate bubbles.

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